Nuclear energy, also known as atomic energy, is generated by splitting atomic nuclei - a process that releases large amounts of thermal energy, which is then used to generate electricity. This technology, which is based on the nuclear fission of uranium or plutonium, has been part of the global energy mix since the 1950s and has played a key role in electricity production in many countries. Nuclear energy is particularly attractive because it has a high energy density and can generate large amounts of electricity without causing direct CO2 emissions.

In the European context, the use of nuclear energy varies greatly. Countries such as France rely heavily on nuclear energy, where around 70% of electricity generation comes from nuclear power plants. France sees nuclear energy as an important pillar for its energy independence and for reducing greenhouse gases. Switzerland, Finland and Sweden also operate nuclear power plants, while other European countries such as Germany have decided to phase out nuclear energy. The German nuclear phase-out, which was accelerated in 2011 following the Fukushima disaster, is due to be completed by the end of 2022.

Austria, on the other hand, has a clear anti-nuclear position. As early as 1978, the country decided in a referendum not to commission the completed Zwentendorf nuclear power plant. This was a significant signal against the use of nuclear power in the country. Today, Austria obtains most of its electricity from renewable energy sources, particularly hydropower, and pursues a strict anti-nuclear policy. The country is also committed to reducing the use of nuclear energy at European level. A key argument against nuclear power in Austria is safety: the risks posed by nuclear accidents and the unresolved issue of the final disposal of radioactive waste play an important role in the rejection of nuclear power.

Nuclear energy remains a controversial topic worldwide. Supporters emphasize the stability and reliability of this form of energy, especially in times of increasing energy demand and the need to reduce CO2 emissions. Critics, on the other hand, emphasize the dangers posed by nuclear power plants, such as potential accidents (e.g. Chernobyl and Fukushima) and the long-lasting consequences of radioactive waste. In addition, the construction of nuclear power plants is considered to be very expensive and time-consuming, which calls its economic viability into question.

In Europe, nuclear energy represents a significant line of conflict. While some countries, including France and Hungary, continue to rely on the expansion of nuclear energy to ensure their energy security and meet climate targets, others, such as Germany and Austria, have decided that the expansion of renewable energies is the better option. Austria relies heavily on hydropower as the main source of energy generation, supplemented by wind and solar energy. This orientation towards 100% renewable energy fits in with the national strategy of becoming an energy-independent and low-carbon country.

In summary, it can be said that nuclear energy in Europe is highly polarized. While in some countries it is seen as an indispensable source for securing the electricity supply, in other countries, such as Austria, it is strictly rejected for security and environmental reasons. In the future, dealing with nuclear energy in the context of European energy policy will remain a major challenge, particularly with regard to the desired energy transition and ensuring a stable, climate-friendly electricity supply.