Molecules are chemical compounds consisting of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. These atoms can be the same or different, and the type of bond determines the properties of the molecule. In the energy market, molecules are particularly relevant as they form the basis for various energy carriers, such as fossil fuels, hydrogen and biofuels.

In the European energy market, fossil fuels such as crude oil and natural gas are important molecules that are used to generate and supply energy. These molecules release energy during combustion, which is used for electricity generation, heating and industrial processes. Nevertheless, fossil fuels are increasingly being criticised due to their environmental impact, particularly in terms of CO₂ emissions. This has led to an increased search for alternative energy sources that are less harmful to the climate.

One example of such an alternative molecule is hydrogen, which is considered a clean energy carrier. Hydrogen molecules (H₂) can be obtained from various sources, including electrolysis of water, which uses electrical energy from renewable sources to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen has the potential to play a key role in the future energy supply, especially in areas that are difficult to decarbonise, such as heavy industry and transport.

Another relevant molecule is methane (CH₄), the main component of natural gas. Compared to carbon dioxide, methane has a lower global warming potential and is often seen as a transition fuel in the energy transition. The use of natural gas as a bridging technology to reduce CO₂ emissions is being discussed in many European countries, including Austria. Nevertheless, methane emissions during extraction and transport must be taken into account in order to minimise the environmental impact.

A significant topic related to molecules in the energy market is the utilisation of biomass. Biomass consists of organic molecules that originate from plants and animals. These molecules can be converted into biofuels such as biodiesel or bioethanol, which are considered renewable energy sources. The use of biomass contributes to the circular economy as it is CO₂-neutral, provided it is managed sustainably.

Another promising molecule in the energy debate is carbon dioxide (CO₂) itself. While CO₂ has traditionally been seen as a harmful waste product of fossil fuel use, it is increasingly being considered as a raw material for the production of synthetic fuels or chemical products. In a process known as Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU), CO₂ can be captured from the atmosphere or industrial processes and used to make valuable products. This shows that even molecules associated with negative aspects can be rethought in a sustainable context.

The development and utilisation of these different molecules is a central part of energy strategies in Europe. The EU has committed to becoming climate neutral by 2050 and research into new molecules and technologies plays a crucial role in this endeavour. Initiatives to promote hydrogen, biofuels and CO₂ reduction are part of the comprehensive strategy to achieve these goals.

To summarise, molecules play a central role in the energy market, as they form the basis for many of the energy sources we use today and those we want to develop in the future. Understanding the chemical properties and environmental impact of these molecules is crucial for a sustainable energy transition that is both ecologically and economically viable. In Austria and across Europe, molecules are not only part of the current energy supply, but also key factors in shaping a sustainable future.